- Mounted archers
- 200BC: Mao-tun unites the Huns (Xiongnu, Hsiung-nu) in Central Asia around Lake Bajkal and southeastern Mongolia
- 176BC: the Hsiung-nu attack eastern China (the Tocharians)
- 140BC: Han emperor Wu-ti conducts campaigns against the Hsiung-nu
- 121BC: China defeats the Hsiung-nu
- 51 BC: the Hsiung-nu split into two hordes, with the eastern (southern) horde subject to China
- 50 BC: the western Huns expand to the Volga
- 48 AD: the Hsiung-nu empire is defeated by the Han and dissolves
- 337AD: Constantine dies and the Roman empire is divided in eastern (Costantinople) and western (Rome) empire
- 350AD: Hunnic invasion of South-eastern Europe
- 376AD: Huns, led by Uldin, reach the Black Sea and the Danube, conquering the eastern Goths
- 395AD: the Huns raid Armenia
- 408AD: Uldin crosses the Danube but is defeated by Rome
- 408AD: the Roman patrician Aetius is taken prisoner by the Huns
- 412AD: the new Hun leader Donatus is murdered by the Romans and is succeeded by Charato (Karaton), who unifies all Western Huns
- 425AD: Huns are hired by a western Roman general (Aetius) to fight in Italy during a political crisis
- 430AD: the new Hun leader Rugida (Rua) signs a peace treaty with the eastern Roman empire (annual salary in return for peace)
- 433AD: Rugida (Rua) signs a treaty with the western Roman empire that surrenders Pannonia to the Huns in exchange for military help
- 433AD: Aetius becomes the de-facto ruler of the western Roman empire
- 434AD: Rugida (Rua) dies and is succeeded by Attila (a friend of Aetius) and his brother Bleda
- 435AD: Aetius employs Huns to fight Vandals and Franks
- 436AD: Aetius and the Huns destroy the Burgundians
- 439AD: Attila helps Aetius
- 441AD: the Huns raid eastern Roman outposts along the Danube
- 441AD: the Huns sign a peace treaty with the eastern Roman empire
- 445AD: by murdering his brother, Attila becomes sole leader of the Huns, who are centered in Hungary (Pannonia)
- 447AD: the Huns and Valamer's Goths attack the eastern Roman empire in the Balkans and Attila reaches the walls of Constantinople
- 449AD: Attila signs a new treaty with the eastern Roman empire
- 450AD: the new emperor Marcian reneges on the Hun-Roman treaty
- 451AD: Huns travel from Pannonia and attack Gaul but are defeated by Aetius and the Visigoths
- 452AD: Huns cross the Alps but renounce attacking Italy for fear of the plague and Attila concludes peace with Pope Leo
- 453AD: Attila dies
- 454AD: Goths expel Huns from Pannonia
- 454AD: Aetius is murdered by his emperor
- 461AD: the Huns besiege Paris
- 469AD: the Hun king Dengizik dies and the Huns disappear
Scythians: - 750 BC: the Scythians, a pastoral nomadic group, settle between the Don and the Carpathians
- 674 BC: the Scythian king Partatua marries an Assyrian princess
653 BC: the Scythians invade the Median empire - 626 BC: the Medes defeat the Scythians
- 514 BC: the Persian kind Darius invades Scythia
- 360 BC: king Atheas unites all Scythian tribes and expands their territory to the border with Macedonia
- 339 BC: Atheas of Scythia is killed in the war against Philip of Macedonia
- 225 BC: the Celts in the west and the Sarmatians in the east destroy the Scythian kingdom
Vandals - 70BC: Julius Caesar establishes the north-western border at the Rhein
- 100AD: Vandals inhabit the land between Elbe and Vistula (northern Germany)
- 160AD: Vandals inhabit Slesia
- 270AD: Vandals cross the Rhein
- 330AD: Constantine grants the Vandals land in Pannonia (Hungary)
- 360AD: the Vandals convert to christianity
- 406AD: Vandals cross the Rhein and occupy Spain
- 407AD: Roman general Stilicho (of Vandal descent) stops the Vandals on their way to Italy
- 419AD: Gunderic unifies the Vandals of northern (Alans) Spain and southern (Vandals) Spain
- 421AD: Vandals defeat the Roman army
- 427AD: Gunderic dies and is succeeded by his brother Gaiseric/Gensenric
- 427: Gaiseric's Vandals cross the strait of Gibraltar and land in Africa
- 429AD: Vandals, led by Gaiseric, invade northern Africa and are recognized as an independent kingdom
- 439AD: Gaiseric conquers Carthage
- 455AD: Gaiseric's Vandals sack Rome
- 468AD: A Roman expedition against Gaiseric's Vandals is defeated and Rome recognizes Vandal rule over the Italian islands
- 477AD: Gaiseric dies
- 534AD: the Roman general Belisarius recaptures Africa from the vandals
Goths - Scandinavia?
- Non-literate
- 0BC: Poland
- 50: Danube (Marcomannic war)
- 150AD: Roman expansion in Europe halted
- 200AD: Visigoths (Balthi family, forests of Central Europe, originally known as Tervingian Goths) and Ostrogoths (Amals family, from the Don to the Dnestr, originally known as Greuthungian Goths)
- 238AD: First Gothic incursion into the Roman empire
- 250AD: Goths settle in Scythia (Black Sea)
- 268AD: Goths raid Athens
- 340AD: Christianization and literalization of the Goths (Ulfila and the "Gothic bible")
- 370AD: Ermanarich rules all the Greuthungian Goths from the Baltic to the Black Sea
- 375AD: Ermanarich is defeated by the Huns and commits suicide, while his Goths become subjects of the Huns
- 376AD: the Tervingian king Athanaric is defeated by the Huns and his Goths are pushed into the Carpathians by the advancing Huns
- 376AD: Athanaric's rival Fritigern converts to (Arian) christianity in order to benefit from Roman help, crosses the Danube and demands admission to the empire
- 378AD: the Romans are defeated at Hadrianapolis by Fritigern's Goths and the emperor is killed
- 395AD: Stilicho (a German of Vandal descent) is appointed supreme commader of the western Roman army
- 390AD: the Gothic general Alaric is hired as a Roman commander
- 395AD: Alaric unifies the Goths of the Balkans (Visigoths)
- 397AD: Stilicho attacks his old friend Alaric, but lets him repeatedly escape
- 401AD: Alaric invades Italy but is defeated by Stilicho (who lets him escape again)
- 402AD: the western Roman empire moves its capital from Rome to Ravenna
- 408AD: Stilicho is assassinated in a coup
- 410AD: Alaric sacks Rome
- 411AD: Alaric dies on hs way to Africa and is succeeded by his brother-in-law Ataulf, who marches back north to Gaul
- 412AD: the Romans expel the Visigoths and force them to settle in south-western Gaul and help fight the Vandals
- 414: Ataulf marries Galla Placida, the emperor's sister
- 415: Ataulf marches into Spain where he is assassinated and is succeeded by his brother Wallia
- 418: the emperor grants Wallia's Visigoths to settle in Aquitaine (Atlantic coast of France)
- 447AD: Valamer unifies Goths in Pannonia and helps Huns fight the Romans
- 451AD: Visigoths help Rome fight Huns (and their subjects Valamer's Pannonian Goths)
- 454AD: Valamer's Goths expel the Huns from Pannonia and his Goths regain their independence
- 456AD: the Visigoths enter Spain
- 462AD: Visigoths gain Narbonne
- 466AD: Euric becomes leader of the Visigoths
- 469: Euric conquers Gaul as far as the Loire
- 471AD: following a revolt against Rome, Strabo is appointed general and leader of the Thracian Goths, who are "foederati"
- 473AD: Euric invades Catalonia
- 476AD: Theodoric becomes king of the Pannonian Goths
- 475AD: Euric declares his independence from Rome and founds the Visigothic kingdom in Spain
- 476AD: Euric invades southwestern France
- 476AD: Pannonian Goths revolt and Theodoric is appointed general by a contender to the title of emperor
- 476AD: Strabo dies
- 476AD: Odoacer, a mercenary in the service of Rome, leader of the Germanic soldiers in the Roman army, deposes the western Roman emperor and thereby terminates the western Roman empire
- 480AD: Euric invades Spain
- 484AD: Euric dies
- 484AD: Theodoric becomes consul
- 488AD: Theodoric unifies Pannonian and Thracian Goths (Ostrogoths)
- 488AD: following orders from the eastern Roman emperor Zeno, Theodoric's Ostrogoths (still settled in Pannonia) invade Odoacer's Italian kingdom
- 493AD: Theodoric's Ostrogoths kill Odoacer and Theodoric becomes the new king of Italy, with capital in Ravenna
- 496AD: Franks attack the Visigoths in France
- 507AD: Visigoths are defeated by the Franks and move to Spain
- 508AD: Theodoric de facto annexes the Visigoths (southern Gaul and Spain)
- 526AD: Theodoric dies and his kingdom disintegrates
- 534AD: the Visigoths move their capital to Toledo
- 536AD: the Roman general Belisarius lauches a campaign to recover Italy
- 539AD: the Ostrogoths conquer Milan
- 546AD: the Ostrogoths led by Totila sack Rome
- 546AD: the Lombards under Audoin invade the Danube valley
- 550AD: Codex Argenteus
- 550AD: Getica
- 553AD: the Ostrogoths are expelled from Italy by the eastern Roman armies
- 554AD: the new king of the Visigoths, Athanagild, accepts the emperor's sovereignity over Spain
- 561AD: the Ostrogoths are destroyed by the eastern Roman empire
- 568AD: Alboin's Lombards, expelled by the Avars from Pannonia, invade northern Italy
- 569AD: Leovigild becomes king of the Visigoths
- 580AD: Arian synod in Toledo
- 586AD: Leovigild dies after unifying most of Iberia
- 587AD: the new Visigothic king Recared converts to catholicism and the Gothic language is abandoned
- 603AD: the Lombards convert to Christianity and move their capital to Pavia
- 612AD: the Visigothic king Sisebut forces the Jews of Spain to release all slaves and convert to Christianity
- 614AD: the Visigoths reconquer all of Spain from the Roman empire
- 620AD: the Visigoths conquer the last Roman possession in Spain
- 711AD: the Moors invade Spain and destroy the Visigothic kingdom
- 718AD: Pelayo unites with the Visigothic leaders who have been defeated by Tariq, and creates the kingdom of Asturias in northwestern Spain, thus creating the kingdom of Leon
- 751AD: the Lombards, under king Aistulf, conquer Ravenna from the Byzantines
- 774AD: the Franks of Charlemagne annex the Lombards
Franks Donatism-Arianism - 260AD: Paul of Samosata preaches that Jesus was not God
- 264AD: A council excommunicates Paul of Samosata
- 268AD: Lucianus of Antioch (born in Samosata) preaches that Jesus was only a man
- 311AD: Donatus and others rebel against the appointment of the bishop of Carthage, claiming independence of church and state
- 313AD: Constantine recognizes the Christian church
- 314AD: Donatism is condemned as a heresy
- 316AD: Donatism splits from Catholicism and spreads throughout Africa
- 318AD: Arius (b 256), a student of Lucian, preaches in Alexandria
- 320AD: Arius is expelled by the patriarch Alexander and during his travels through the eastern Roman empire converts more bishops
- 325AD: at the council of Nicaea the Arians are defeated
- 340AD: Ulfila converts the Goths to Arianism
- 353AD: the new emperor favors Arianism
- 379AD: the Roman empire bans Arianism
- 411AD: thanks to St Augustine, Donatism begins to decline
- 496AD: Clovis converts the Franks to catholicism
- 534AD: the Roman empire destroys the Arian kingdom of the Vandals
- 555AD: the Franks conquer the Arian people of France
- 587AD: the Visigoths convert to catholicism
- 639AD: Islam invades Africa and Donatism disappears
- 650AD: Arianism disappears after the Lombards convert to catholicism
Avars - 375 AD: nomadic Mongolian tribes of central Asia (possibly remnants of the Hsiung-nu, Xiongnu, Huns) organize themselves into a confederation, the Juan-juan (Avars)
- 394 AD: Kutelburi becomes khan of the Juan-juan empire, that stretches from Manchuria in the east to Lake Balkhash in the west
- 450 AD: the Juan-juan fight the Northern Wei dynasty
- 500 AD: the Juan-juan convert to Buddhism
- 552 AD: the Juan-juan are defeated and expelled by their Turkic-speaking vassals
- 558 AD: the Avars (remnants of the Juan-juan) invade the Russian steppes and push the Slavs to the west
- 560 AD: the eastern Roman emperor Justinian hires the Avars to fight the Huns and Slavs
- 568 AD: the Avars invade Pannonia and Dalmatia, expelling the Lombards who move towards Italy
- 571 AD: the eastern Roman empire signs a peace treaty with the Avars
- 590 AD: the empire of the Avars extends from the Volga to the Danube to the Baltic Sea
- 599 AD: the Avars capture and execute 12,000 Byzantine prisoners
- 626 AD: the Avars lay siege to Costantinople
- 796 AD: the Franks defeat the Avars
- 810 AD: Bulgars, under king Krum, destroy the Avars
Khazars: - 630: the nomadic Turkic-speaking Khazars emerge from the break-up of the western (Kok) Turkish empire and settle in southern Russia with capital at Balanjar (Verkhneye Chir-Yurt)
- 640: dual kingship (kagan and bek)
- 650: the Khazars' expansion drives Bulgars westward
- 683: Khazars raid Armenia and Georgia
- 725: the Khazars transfer their capital to Samandar in the northern Caucasus
- 730: Khazars raid Azerbaijan
- 737: the Khazars are defeated by the Arabs and forced to convert to Islam
- 750: the Kazars transfer their capital to Itil (Atil) on the Volga River
- 762: the Kazars invade the Transcaucasus
- 860: Cyril visits Khazaria
- 861: the Khazars under king Bulan convert to Judaism
- 896: the kingdom of Hungary is formed by seven Magyar and three Khazar tribes
- 939: the Khazars defeat the Rus led by Oleg
- 965: Khazars are defeated at Sarkel by Svyatoslav of Kiev
- 1016: Byzantine emperor Basil II and the Rus defeat the last Khazar kagan Georgius Tzul
Celts: - 1600 BC: Stonehenge
- 1200 BC: Celts inhabit northern France and western Germany
- 500 BC: Celts settle in the British islands
- 400 BC: Celts use iron
- 400 BC: Celts invade Northern Italy
- 300 BC: Celts settle in Ireland
- 279 BC: Celts raid Delphi in Greece
- 58 BC: Julius Caesar conquers the French Celts (or Gauls)
- 47 AD: Rome conquers the English Celts (or Britanni)
- 410 AD: the Romans withdraw from Britain
- 432 AD: the Roman missionary Patrick is taken prisoner to Ireland
- 750 AD: several monasteries founded in Ireland, from which Irish monks evangelize the rest of Europe
- 795 AD: Vikings raid Ireland
- 831 AD: Vikings invade Ireland and found Dublin
- 850 AD: Vikings trade slaves along the Dniepr and Volga
- 968 AD: Brian Boru defeats the Vikings
- 1002 AD: Brian Boru unifies all of Ireland
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AJÁNLOM AZ OLDALT
